Level1 Level2 Level3 Level4 Level5 Level6 DEFINITION external DB ID
Process Biological or chemical events, or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product
Naturally occurring process Naturally-occurring molecular events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product
Biological process Biological or chemical events or a series thereof, leading to a known function or end-product within an organism
Biochemical pathway A series of enzyme-mediated reactions where the product of one reaction is used as the substrate of the next one (wikipedia)
Metabolic pathway The sequence of enzyme catalyzed reactions that lead to the conversion of a substance into a final product
Drug action pathway The sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions involved in the process of pharmaceutical drug actions
Protein pathway The sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions involved in the activation/activity of proteins
Signaling pathway A series of chemical reactions in which a group of molecules in a cell work together to control a cell function, such as cell division or cell death. A cell receives signals from its environment when a molecule, such as a hormone or growth factor, binds to a specific protein receptor on or in the cell.
Physiological pathway The sequence of enzyme-mediated reactions at system level, such as organ system or tissue system.
Disease pathway A series of chemical reactions that is involved in the pathological process
Chemical reaction A process in which one or more substances, the reactants, are converted to another or several other different substances, the products (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Biochemical process A biological process occurring at the subcellular level, involving biochemical reactions.
Cellular process A biological process occurring at the cellular level, involving biochemical reactions.
Multicellular process A biological process occurring in multiple cells, of similar or different type.
System process A biological process occurring in an organ, a system or at the organism level.
Pathological process A biological process occurring at any anatomical level, and is abnormal or harmful to the organism.
Environmental process A series of events that occur naturally in the environment and not within an organism
Industrial process A series of molecular events that involve at least one synthetic reaction.
Disinfection The process of removing, killing, or deactivating pathogenic microorganisms by solvent, gas or other chemical compound
Role The purpose or function assumed by a chemical, either naturally or as intended by humans
Normal biological role The biological function of a chemical. The biological role answers the question how a chemical is involved in molecular processes in an organism. This can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals. The biological role is limited to cellular levls, and will not include role at system process level, such as a chemical which has a role in a disease.
Cellular component Cellular components are the complex biomolecules and structures of which cells, and thus living organisms, are composed. Cells are the structural and functional units of life.
Metabolism effector The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Transporter A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein[1] involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, and macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane.
Modulator A chemical substance that inhibits or activates a biological or chemical entity or process
Membrane transport modulator A chemical substance that affects the passage of solutes across a biological membrane.
Hormone modulator A chemical substance that regulates the hormonal activity in the body.
Inhibitor A chemical substance that inhibits a process or a reaction.
Enzyme inhibitor A chemical substance that inhibits the catalytic activity of enzymes.
Molecular messenger A chemical substance that is involved in transmission of biochemical signals
Osmolyte A low molecular compound that influence the properties of biological fluid.
Nutrient A chemical in food, further ingested and utilized by an organism for its well-being, growth and reproduction.
Stabilizing agent A chemical substance that stabilizes a biological or chemical entity or process
Storage A chemical substance that stores a biological or chemical entity
Oncometabolite A metabolite that promotes the onset or progression of cancer.
Adverse biological role The biological function of a chemical that results in harmful effect for an organism. This can include biochemical effects of non-endogenous chemicals, which are also assigned an industrial application such as pharmaceuticals.
Metabotoxin An endogenously produced metabolite that causes adverse health effects at chronically high levels
Industrial application The assumed function of a chemical is utilized in any kind of industry, including agriculture, pharmaceutical, medical, and construction.
Pharmaceutical industry A pharmacologic activity for which a chemical substance is utilized owing to its biological role
Biomarker A measurable substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of some phenomenon, such as disease, infection, or environmental exposure.
Antimicrobial agent A general term for drugs, chemicals, or other substances that either kill or slow the growth of microbes.
Antibiotic A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the growth of or destroys microorganisms.
Antiparasitic A medicine that inhibits the growth of or destroys parasitic organisms.
Antiviral A drug or treatment that is effective against viruses.
Antineoplastic agent An agent that acts to prevent, inhibits or halts the development of a neoplasm (a tumor)
Cardiovascular agent Medicines that are used to treat medical conditions associated with the heart or the circulatory system (blood vessels), such as arrhythmias, blood clots, coronary artery disease, high or low blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart failure, and stroke.
Cardiac agent medicines that are used to treat medical conditions associated with the heart
Vascular agent medicines that are used to treat medical conditions associated with the vascular system
Digestive system agent Medicines that are used to treat medical conditions associated with the digestive system
Gastrointestinal agent Medicines that are used to treat medical conditions associated with the gastrointestinal tract, including esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon
Hepatic agent Medicines that are used to treat medical conditions associated with the liver
Hematological agent Drugs that act on blood and blood-forming organs and those that affect the hemostatic system.
Endocrinological agent Medicines that are used to treat medical conditions associated with the immune system
Immunological agent Medicines that are used to treat medical conditions associated with the endocrine system
Integumentary agent An agent that exerts a physiologic effect on any anatomic entity that is part of the integumentary system, including skin, nails and hair.
Neuronal agent An agent that exerts a physiologic effect on any anatomic entity that is part of the nervous system
Neuromuscular agent An agent that exerts a physiologic effect for the process of nerve stimuli transmission to muscles
Psychotropic A chemical that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness or behavior.
Renal agent An agent that exerts a physiologic effect on any anatomic entity that is part of the renal system
Reproductive system agent An agent that exerts a physiologic effect on any anatomic entity that is part of the reproductive system
Respiratory agent An agent that exerts a physiologic effect on any anatomic entity that is part of the respiratory system, such as lungs
Skeletal system agent An agent that exerts a physiologic effect on any anatomic entity that is part of the skeletal system, including bones and connective tissue, such as cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Visual system agent An agent that exerts a physiologic effect on any anatomic entity that gives organisms sense of sight.
Agriculture An agriculture-related purpose for which a chemical substance is utilized
Growth agent An agent used to promote growth of crops
Pesticide A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.
Insecticide A chemical used to control insects. (EPA).
Food and nutrition A chemical purpose related to manufacturing of food and nutrition products
Food additive Any chemical substance that is added to food during preparation or storage and either becomes a part of the food or affects its characteristics for the purpose of achieving a particular technical effect.
Flavoring agent A substance added to foods and medicine to improve the quality of taste.
Food preservative A substance added to foods to slow or prevent changes in color, flavor or texture and delay rancidity
Nutritional supplement A product that is added to the diet. A nutritional supplement is taken by mouth, and usually contains one or more dietary ingredient (such as vitamin, mineral, herb, amino acid, and enzyme)
Personal care product Cosmetics and personal hygene products in which a chemical was incorportaed during the manufacturing process.
Antimicrobial product A substance or material that is active against microbes
Construction industry A compnent utilized by the building and infrastructure inductry, which incorporates a chemical substance.
Manufacturing industry A component utilized for fabrication, processing, or preparation of products from raw materials and commodities
Combustive element An element that is capable of catching fire or being set on fire
Material processing agent An agent involved in a complex series of chemical, thermal, and physical processes that prepare a starting material, create shape, retain that shape, and refine the structure and shape.
Coloring agent An agent used to color materials
Dye additive An agent added to dye or pigment to make industrial process easier
Fluorescent agent A dye that absorb light in the UV and violet region of the EM spectrum and re-emit light in the blue region
Fluid processing agent An agent added to liquid that modifies physical property of the liquid and makes the industrial processing easier
Separatory agent An agent added to fluid to ensure that the intended separation process takes place
Surfactant A substance which tends to reduce the surface tension of a liquid in which it is dissolved.
Viscosity adjuster An agent used to increase or decrease viscosity of fluid
Solid material processing agent An agent used to modify solid materials for manufacturing processes
Adhesion modifying agent An agent used to modify the adhesive property of a material
Friction modifying agent An agent used to modify surface friction of a material
Metal processing agent An agent used to process metal
Protective agent A substance used to protect materials from physical or chemical damage
Plastic processing agent An agent used to process plastic materials
Textile processing agent An agent used to convert textiles into finished fabrics
Rubber processing agent An agent used to process rubber in manufacturing processes
Photographic element A substance used for production of photographs
Electrical element Conceptual abstractions representing idealized electrical components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, used in the analysis of electrical networks.
Laboratory chemical A chemical substance used in laboratories for various manufacturing processes
Temperature modifying agent An agent used to adjust temperature during manufacturing processes
Household product A product used in the home environment, which includes a chemical substance
Environmental role A direct or indirect function of chemical product or process which affect the components of the environment.
Physiological effect The effect on an organism physiology, resulting from its exposure to a chemical
Adverse health effect A health condition or observation associated with a stimuli or with a biological activity of a chemical
Cancer A group of disorders characterized by the presense of malignant neoplasm.
Circulatory system disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones and blood cells.
Blood and lymphatic system disorder Any deviation from the normal structure or function of the hematopoietic or lymphoid system, that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs. (NCI)
Lymphatic disorder A class of disorders which directly affect the components of the lymphatic system.
Erythrocytic disorder Any disorder that affects red blood cells, or erythrocytes
Anemia A condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body's tissues.
Leukocytic disorder Any disorder that affects white blood cells, or leukocytes
Lymphocytic disorder Any disorder that affects a form of whilte blood cell that occurs especially in the lymphatic system
Hemorrhagic disorder A group of disorders that share the inability to form a proper blood clot
Thrombocytic disorder Any disorder that affects blood platelets
Cardiac disorder Any disorder that affects the heart.
Vascular disorder Any disorder that affects the blood vessels.
Nervous system disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the brain, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves.
Peripheral nervous system disorder Any disorder that affects the sympathetic nerves.
Sympathetic nervous system disorder Any disorder that affects the peripheral nerves.
Auditory system disorder Any disorder that affects the ear or the labyrinth.
Visual system disorder Any disorder that affects the eye. It can be neoplastic or non-neoplastic, such as conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataract, conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma, uveal melanoma, and retinoblastoma.
Olfactory system disorder Any disorder that affects the nose and the nasal cavities.
Central nervous system disorder A broad category of conditions in which the brain does not function as it should, limiting health and the ability to function.
Psychiatric disorder A group of disorders characterized by behavioral and/or psychological abnormalities, often accompanied by physical symptoms. The symptoms may cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social and occupational areas of functioning. Representative examples include anxiety disorders, cognitive disorders, mood disorders and schizophrenia. (NCI)
Psychological development disorder A severe, chronic disability of an individual who has a mental impairment by the age of 22 which is likely to continue indefinitely and results in substantial functional limitations in three or more areas of major life activity.
Organic mental disorder Disturbances that may be caused by injury or disease affecting brain tissues as well as by chemical or hormonal abnormalities.
Neurotic, stress-related, or somatoform disorder A severe form of somatisation where physical symptoms can cause great distress, often long-term.
Mood disorder a class of serious mental illnesses. The term broadly describes all types of depression and bipolar disorders. Children, teens, and adults can all have mood disorders.
Behavioral syndrome with physiological disturbances A behavioral syndrome is a correlated suite of behavioral traits, often measured across multiple contexts. In this context, it is associated with manifestations in physiological disturbances.
Adult personality disorder A type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving. A person with a personality disorder has trouble perceiving and relating to situations and people.
Psychoactive substance abuse disorder A disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medication
Endocrine system disorder Any disorder that affects the endocrine system. It can be neoplastic (carcinoid tumor, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma) or non-neoplastic (such as diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism, and adrenal gland insufficiency).
Endocrinal pancreatic disorder Any disorder that affects the endocrine and pancreatic system.
Adrenal disorder Any disorder that is caused by insufficient or too much production of hormones produced in the adrenal glands. These include cortisol, adrenaline, and aldosterone.
Pancreatic disorder Any disorder that affects pancreas.
Pituitary, hypothalamus, or pineal disorder Any disorder that affects pituitary, hypothalmus, or pineal glands.
Thyroidal or parathyroidal disorder Any disorder that affects thyroid or parathyroid glands, chainging levels of thyroid hormone or calcium in the bloodstream.
Premature adrenarche A disorder characterized by the early appearance of puberty symptoms.
Ovarian disorder Any disorder that affects the ovary
Testicular disorder Any disorder that affects testicles
Breast disorder Any disorder that affects breasts.
Reproductive system disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the male or female genital system. Representative examples of non-neoplastic disorders include testicular torsion, endometriosis, and adenomyosis. Representative examples of neoplastic disorders include germ cell tumors, carcinoma, lymphoma, and sarcoma. (NCI)
Male reproductive system disorder Any disorder that affects the female reproductive system, which contains three main parts: the vulva, which leads to the vagina, the vaginal opening, to the uterus; the uterus, which holds the developing fetus; and the ovaries, which produce the female's ova
Female reproductive system disorder Any disorder that affects the male reproductive system, including its organs: testes, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, urethra, vas deferens and Cowper's gland
Digestive system disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects any part of the digestive tract.
Digestive pancreatic disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects any part of the pancreatic system
Gastrointestinal disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the gastrointestinal tract.
Upper gastrointestinal disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the upper gastrointestinal tract
Lower gastrointestinal disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the lower gastrointestinal tract.
Hepatobiliary disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the liver and the biliary system.
Biliary disorder A disease affecting the bile ducts, gallbladder and other structures involved in the production and transportation of bile
Hepatic disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the liver
Renal system and urinary system Disorders that affect kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
Renal disorder Any disorder that affects the kidneys and the urologic system.
Urinary tract disorder Any disorder that affects the urinary tract
Immune system disorder Any disorders caused by malfunctioning immune system.
Metabolic disorder A group of disorders, inherited or not, that result in a metabolic malfunction.
Non-genetic or non-specified gene disorder A group of disorders that are not caused by genetic abnormalities or only suspected to be caused by unidentified genetic mutations.
Nutritional disorder A group of diseases that occur when a person's dietary intake does not contain the right amount of nutrients for healthy functioning, or when a person cannot correctly absorb nutrients from food.
Infection or infestation Any disorder resulting from the presence and activity of a microbial, viral, or parasitic agent. It can be transmitted by direct or indirect contact. (NCI)
Viral infection Any disorder resulting from the infection with viral agents
Bacterial infection An acute infectious disorder caused by proliferation of harmful strains of gram positive or gram negative bacteria; representative examples include pneumococcal, streptococcal, salmonella, and meningeal infections.
Helminthiasis infestation with parasitic worms
Protozoal infection Infection characterized by hyperproliferation of the infectious agent independent of the parasites living intracellularly or extracellularly of their respective host cells.
Fungal infection Acute infections caused by pathogenic fungi
Injury Any damage inflicted on the body.
Poisoning Any damage caused by poison.
Shellfish poisoning Any damage caused by poison that originates from shellfish
Musculoskeletal system disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects muscles, bones and other connective tissue.
Joint disorder A group of disorders associated with joints.
Muscular system disorder A group of disorders that affect muscles
Skeletal system disorder A group of disorders that affect the skeletal system
Respiratory system disorder Any disorder (non-neoplastic or neoplastic) that affects the respiratory system or the thorax.
Pulmonary disorder A type of disease that affects the lungs and other parts of the respiratory system.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorder Any deviation from the normal structure or function of the skin or subcutaneous tissue that is manifested by a characteristic set of symptoms and signs. (NCI)
Skin disorder Any disorder associated with skin
Subcutaneous tissue disorder Any disorder associated with the deepst layer of skin.
Genetic disorder Any disorder which has a direct genetic cause.
Inborn errors of metabolism A genetic condition that block metabolic pathways involved in the breakdown of nutrients and the generation of energy. Perturbation of these metabolic pathways results in a spectrum of clinical findings affecting multiple organ systems.
Fatty acid oxidation disorder A rare health condition that affects how a body breaks down fat.
Genetic hormonal aberration A genetic disorder affecting hormone production
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia A steroid inherited metabolic disorder that is characterized by adrenal insufficiency and variable degrees of hyper or hypo androgeny manifestations resulting from steroidogenic enzyme deficiency. (DO)
Acquired gene mutation Mutations not present in the germline genome
Germline gene mutation Mutations present in the cygote
Nontypified gene mutation Gene mutations observed to be associated with specific diseases, but not yet classified as germline or acquired
Organic acidemia An amino acid metabolic disorder that disrupts normal amino acid metabolism causing a building up of branched-chain amino acids. (DO)
Urea cycle disorder A genetic disorder caused by a mutation that results in a deficiency of one of the six enzymes in the urea cycle.
PBD-Zellweger syndrome spectrum A perixomal biogenesis disorder caused by mutations in the PEX1, PEX6, PEX10, PEX12, and PEX26 genes which result in over-accumulation of very long chain fatty acids and branched chain fatty acids, such as phytanic acid. In addition, PBD-ZSD patients show deficient levels of plasmalogens, ether-phospholipids necessary for normal brain and lung function.
Peroxisomal defect A disorder characterized by defects in peroxisome functions typically due to mutations in the PEX genes.
Autosomal recessive disorder AR disorders are those that are clinically apparent only when the patient is homozygous for the disease (i.e., both copies of the gene are mutant)
Mitochondrial diseases Mitochondrial genetic disorders refer to a group of conditions that affect the mitochondria (the structures in each cell of the body that are responsible for making energy)
Chromosomal abnormality A genetic condition caused by mutations which change the number of chromosomes (numerical abnormalities) or change the structure of the chromosome (structural abnormalities). They may alter the ability of the cell to survive and function.
X-linked disorder X-linked disorders are caused by variants in genes on the X chromosome, one of the two sex chromosomes in each cell
Nonspecific condition Any health condition or disorder which can not be classified under a specific system
Organoleptic effect Human sensual perception of chemical stimuli
Odor Sensual perception of volatile chemicals reacting with the human olfactory system
Taste Sensual perception of chemicals reacting with the human oral taste sensors
Appearance Sensual perception of obtained by the human visual sensors
Touch Sensual perception obtained by the human somatosensory system
Disposition A concept that describes the origin of a chemical, its location within an organism, or its route of exposure
Biological location The physiological origin within an organism, including anatomical compnents, biofluids and excreta
Organ An anatomical organizational level including multiple tissues or substructures, which enables a common biological function
Gland An organ that produces and secretes hormones (e.g. endocrine gland), saliva or sweat (e.g. exocrine gland). (NCI)
Endocrine gland A ductless gland that secretes substances which are released directly into the circulation and which influence metabolism and other body functions. (NCI).
Salivary gland Any number of exocrine glands that secrete saliva into the oral cavity. (NCI)
Organ substructure A component of an organ.
Tissue An anatomical organizational level including multiple cells yet not comprising a complete organ
Connective tissue The supporting or framework tissue of the animal body, formed of fibrous and ground substance with more or less numerous cells of various kinds. (NCI)
Epithelium type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion
Muscle tissue A fibrous soft tissue with the ability to contract to produce force and motion. (NCI)
Nervous tissue The tissue that generates and conducts electrical signals in the body. It contains the neurons. (NCI)
Tissue substructure A component of tissue
Blood vessel A tubular structure through which the blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels constitute a network composed of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. (NCI)
Non-excretory biofluid A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body that is not excreted
Excreta A liquid, semi-solid or solid material originating in the body that is excreted
Cell The smallest unit of living structure capable of independent existence, composed of a membrane-enclosed mass of protoplasm and containing a nucleus or nucleoid. (NCI)
Accessory cell A nonlymphoid cell such as macrophage, dendritic cell, and Langerhans cell (epithelial dendritic cells) that functions to present antigens to MHC-restricted T cells.
Dendritic cell Immunocompetent cells of the lymphoid and hemopoietic systems and skin. They function morphologically and phenotypically by presenting or processing antigens, thereby stimulating cellular immunity. They represent the most potent antigen-presenting cells and, therefore, play a critical role in the primary T cell immune response. (NCI)
Adipocyte A cell specialized for the storage of fat, found in connective tissue.
Fibroblast a cell in connective tissue which produces collagen and other fibers.
Epithelial cell Epithelial cells line the surface of organs in the body and functions as a protective barrier. Epithelial cells are often associated with the skin.
Basal cell A small, round cell found in the lower part (or base) of the epidermis, the outer layer of the skin. (NCI)
Endocrine cell Cells that are responsible for producing and releasing hormone molecules into the bloodstream. Endocrine cells are typically grouped together in organs referred to as endocrine glands.
Sensory epithelial cell A cell specialized to serve as a censory cell for reception of external stimuli
Photoreceptor cell Any of rod and cone cells present in the retina of the eye
Bone cell A cell found in bone in any of its functional states, including osteoblast, osteoclast, or osteocyte.
Glia the connective tissue of the nervous system, consisting of several different types of cell associated with neurons.
Peripheral nervous system glial cell Glial cell located in the peripheral nervous system.
Central nervous system glial cell Glial cell located in central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system gilal cell Glial cell located in peripheral nervous system
Neuron Neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, the cells responsible for receiving sensory input from the external world, for sending motor commands to our muscles, and for transforming and relaying the electrical signals at every step in between.
Central nervous system neuron Neuron that serves in the central nervous system
Primary neuron Neuron isolated directly from human or animal nervous tissue.
Peripheral nervous system neuron Neuron located in the peripheral nervous system.
Contractile cell Contractile cells conduct impulses and are responsible for contractions that pump blood through the body.
Endothelial cell Endothelial cells form a single cell layer that lines all blood vessels and regulates exchanges between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues.
Germ cell any biological cell that gives rise to the gametes of an organism that reproduces sexually.
Hematocyte A cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood. Major types of blood cells include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
Erythrocyte A red blood cell that (in humans) is typically a biconcave disc without a nucleus. Erythrocytes contain the pigment hemoglobin, which imparts the red color to blood, and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the tissues.
Lymphocyte A form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system.
Monocyte Large, phagocytic mononuclear leukocytes produced in the vertebrate bone marrow and released into the blood; contain a large, oval or somewhat indented nucleus surrounded by voluminous cytoplasm and numerous organelles. (NCI)
Interneuron A neuron that connects two brain regions.
Myocyte A specialized animal cell found in muscle, which can shorten its length using a series of motor proteins specially arranged within the cell.
Smooth muscle cell An involuntary, non-striated muscle cell that lines the insides of hollow organs such as arteries, lungs, bladder, the digestive system, and the reproductive system.
Skeletal muscle cell A long, cylindrical and striated cell that is multi-nucleated. They make up the muscle tissues connected to the skeleton and are important in locomotion.
Nurse cell a cell of a type present in the ovary of many animals that supplies nourishment to the developing egg cell and is commonly believed to be a rudimentary egg cell
Neuroendocrine cell An endocrine cell that produces and releases hormones and regulatory proteins such as neurotransmitters and neuropeptide hormones. This type of cell enables autocrine communication with paracrine and endocrine cells throughout the body. (NCI)
Stem cell Stem cells are specialized cells that are able to develop into many different cell types.
Cellular substructure A substructure of a cell, including organells.
Cell projection A prolongation or process extending from a cell, e.g. a flagellum or axon. (Gene Ontology).
Macromolecular complex Macromolecular complexes are structures that lack lipid membrane boundaries. These complexes carry out essential process on the cell.
Organelle An organelle is a specific structure within a cell, and there are many different types of organelles
Endosome A membrane bound cytoplasmic compartment that drives molecular traffic between the plasma membrane and lysosome.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum meshwork of fine disklike tubular membrane vesicles, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that is involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids, including cholesterol and phospholipids
Vesicle A small sac formed by a membrane and filled with liquid. Vesicles inside cells move substances into or out of the cell. Vesicles made in the laboratory can be used to carry drugs to cells in the body.
Mitochondria
Late endosome A prelysosomal endocytic organelle differentiated from early endosomes by lower lumenal pH and different protein composition. Late endosomes are more spherical than early endosomes and are mostly juxtanuclear, being concentrated near the microtubule organizing center. (Gene Ontology).
Cellular element A fragment of a biological cell, that is not a single organelle.
Source Natural or synthetic origin of a chemical
Endogenous A chemical substance that originates from within an organism, tissue, or cell, and not introduced to it externally.
Animal A living organism belonging to the kingdom Animalia. It feeds on organic matter, typically having specialized sense organs and nervous system and able to respond rapidly to stimuli.
Mammal A warm-blooded vertebrate animal of a class that is distinguished by the possession of hair or fur, the secretion of milk by females for the nourishment of the young, and (typically) the birth of live young.
Fungi Living eukaryotic organisms belonging to the kingdom Fungi. They include mushrooms as well as microbes such as yeast and mold.
Yeast A living organism in the domain eukaryota, kingdom Fungi. Yeasts are single-celled microorganisms, and are divided into various families, including the common Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's yeast).
Microbe A living organism that is of a microscopic scale, either single-celled or a cluster of cells.
Plant A living organism belonging to the kingdom Plantea. Typically, it grows in a permanent site, absorbs water and inorganic substances through its roots, and synthesizes nutrients in its leaves by photosynthesis using the green pigment chlorophyll. Examples incude trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, ferns, and mosses.
Exogenous A chemical substance that is introduced to an organism and does not originate from within the organism itself.
Environmental An environmentally-sourced sample in which a chemical can be found
Synthetic A man-made product or sample in which a chemical can be found
Personal care products A range of topical products used for personal hygiene (necessities) or cosmetic application (beautification).
Food A substance consumed via ingestion, and provides nutrition to support the life of an organism.
Unclassified food or beverage A food product not yet classified
Aquatic origin Any animals, plants, and microorganisms that originate in bodies of water.
Amphibian Ectothermic, tetrapod vertebrates of the class Amphibia
Bivalvia Is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts
Cetacean Are aquatic mammals constituting the infraorder Cetacea, including dolphins, porpoises, and whales
Crustacean A large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, prawns, woodlice, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp.
Fish Aquatic, craniate, gill-bearing animals that lack limbs with digits.
Fish product Processed food products derived from fish
Mollusk The second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda.
Seaweed Seaweed, or macroalgae, refers to thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular, marine algae.
Pinniped Commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals.
Roe Is the fully ripe internal egg masses in the ovaries, or the released external egg masses of fish and certain marine animals, such as shrimp, scallop, sea urchins, and squid.
Other aquatic food Food from water bodies, other than crustaceans, fish, mollusks, seaweed, pinnipeds
Baby food Any soft, easily consumed food other than breastmilk or infant formula that is made specifically for human babies between four and six months and two years old.
Beverage A liquid intended for human consumption
Alcoholic beverage Is a drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar that acts as a drug
Distilled beverage A drink that contains ethanol, a type of alcohol produced by fermentation of grains, fruits, or other sources of sugar and has been subjected to destillation and acts as a drug.
Fermented beverage They include beer and wine, as well as probiotic beverages like kombucha, milk kefir, water kefir, tepache, beet kvass and whey sodas.
Fortified wines A a wine to which a distilled spirit, usually brandy, has been added.
Nutritional beverage A drink that contains nutrients and includes a healthy balance of carbohydrates, fat or protein.
Other beverage Beverages not included in the other specific beverage categories
Water A generic term that includes different types of water, like tap, mineral, spring or glacier, sprinkling, distilled, purified, flavoured or infused, alkaline and well waters.
Cereal and cereal product Grains or products derived either from the processing of grain through one or more mechanical or chemical operations, or from the processing of flour, meal or starch.
Bread products Is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour (usually wheat) and water, usually by baking
Cereal product A product derived either from the processing of grain through one or more mechanical or chemical operations, or from the processing of flour, meal or starch.
Cereal Any grass cultivated (grown) for the edible components of its grain (botanically, a type of fruit called a caryopsis), composed of the endosperm, germ, and bran.
Dough Is a thick, malleable, sometimes elastic paste made from grains or from leguminous or chestnut crops
Flat bread A bread made with flour; water, milk, yogurt, or other liquid; and salt, and then thoroughly rolled into flattened dough. Many flatbreads are unleavened, othres like pizza and pita bread are leavened
Leavened bread Bread that contains baking yeast, baking powder or baking soda – ingredients that cause the dough to bubble and rise and create a light, airy product
Other bread Bread not included in the other specifically-defined categories
Sweet bread Also referred to as pan dulce, buns or coffee bread, is a bread or cake that is typically sweet in flavor
Cocoa and cocoa product Cocoa grains or a range of foods derived from cocoa
Cocoa It is a food product made from roasted and ground cacao pods
Cocoa product Products made by further processing of cocoa
Coffee and coffee product Coffee grains or a range of foods derived from coffee
Coffee A brewed drink prepared from roasted coffee beans, the seeds of berries from certain flowering plants in the Coffea genus.
Coffee product Products containing coffee, including candies, liquors, perfumes, etc.
Confectionery Food items that are rich in sugar and carbohydrates.
Candy Also called sweets (British English) or lollies (Australian English, New Zealand English),[a] is a confection that features sugar as a principal ingredient
Dessert A course that concludes a meal. The course consists of sweet foods, such as confections, and possibly a beverage such as dessert wine and liqueur
Frozen dessert It is a dessert made by freezing liquids, semi-solids, and sometimes even solids
Milk dessert Desserts prepared with milk as their principal ingredient
Other confectionery Confectioneries other than candies and desserts
Spread A food that is spread, generally with a knife, onto foods such as bread and crackers
Cooking good Ingredients used to prepare a specific dish.
Baking good Ingredients used in preparation of bread, cakes, pastries, and similar items of food that are cooked in an oven.
Condiment A spice, sauce, or preparation that is added to food, typically after cooking, to impart a specific flavor, to enhance the flavor, or to complement the dish.
Dressing A sauce for salads, typically one consisting of oil and vinegar mixed together with herbs or other flavorings.
Sauce A liquid, cream, or semi-solid food, served on or used in preparing other foods.
Seasoning Herbs, salts or spices added to food to enhance the flavour.
Substitute A nutritional supplement aimed at replacing or complementing natural food products.
Sugar Generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.
Wrapper A food dish made with a soft flatbread rolled around a filling
Milk and milk product A food item that contains or is made from milk
Fermented milk Also called fermented dairy products, cultured dairy foods, cultured dairy products, or cultured milk products, are dairy foods that have been fermented with lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, and Leuconostoc
Fermented milk product Products derived from fermented milks
Unfermented milk MIlk or dairy products non-fermented by using lactic acid producing bacteria. Essentially drinking milk with different content of fat
Other milk product Milk products that have not been subjected to fermentation
Dish Something prepared to be eaten
American cuisine It is cuisine primarily Western in origin, but has been significantly influenced by indigenous American Indians
Asian cuisine It includes several major regional cuisines: Central Asian, East Asian, North Asian, South Asian, Southeast Asian, and West Asian
Berber cuisine Traditional cuisine with a varied history and influence of numerous flavours from distinct regions across North Africa.
Ground meat Also called mince or minced meat outside North America (i.e. in U.K. and Commonwealth countries), and keema or qeema in the Indian subcontinent, is meat finely chopped by a meat grinder or a chopping knife
Jewish cuisine Refers to the cooking traditions of the Jewish people worldwide
Latin american cuisine Typical foods, beverages, and cooking styles common to many of the countries and cultures in Latin America
Levantine cuisine The traditional cuisine of the Levant, known in Arabic as the Bilad al-Sham, which covers a large area of the Eastern Mediterranean
Mexican cuisine Cooking cuisines and traditions of the modern country of Mexico
Other dish Several dishes that do not have a specific region of origin or a characteristic ingredient
Pasta dish Type of food typically made from an unleavened dough of wheat flour mixed with water or eggs, and formed into sheets or other shapes, then cooked by boiling or baking
Potato dish Dishes that include potato as one of their main ingredients
Sandwich A food typically consisting of vegetables, sliced cheese or meat, placed on or between slices of bread, or more generally any dish wherein bread serves as a container or wrapper for another food type
Tex-mex cuisine An American and Texan cuisine that derives from the culinary creations of the Tejano people of Texas
Egg An oval or round object laid by a female bird like chicken or quail
Fat and oil Aany ester of fatty acids, or a mixture of such compounds, most commonly those that occur in living beings or in food
Animal fat Lipids derived from animals: oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid
Vegetable fat They are oils extracted from seeds or from other parts of fruits
Fruit The sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food.
Berry A small, pulpy, and often edible fruit. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present
Citrus A genus of flowering trees and shrubs in the rue family, Rutaceae. Plants in the genus produce citrus fruits, including important crops such as oranges, lemons, grapefruits, pomelos, and limes
Drupe An indehiscent fruit in which an outer fleshy part (exocarp, or skin, and mesocarp, or flesh) surrounds a single shell (the pit, stone, or pyrena) of hardened endocarp with a seed (kernel) inside
Fruit product A generic term that includes a series of products for human consumption, which are produced using fruits as main ingredientes
Other fruit Fruits not included in the other described categories
Pome A type of fruit produced by flowering plants in the subtribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae. Well-known pomes include the apple, pear, and quince
Tropical fruit Fruits produced in places with tropical weather, typical examples include dragon fruit, passion fruit, rambutan, Mangosteen, Lychee, Papaya, etc.
Gourd Gourds include the fruits of some flowering plant species in the family Cucurbitaceae, particularly Cucurbita and Lagenaria.
Sechium It is a genus in the tribe Sicyoeae of the gourd family, Cucurbitaceae. Its best known member is the edible and widely cultivated chayote
Cucumis It is a genus of twining, tendril-bearing plants in the family Cucurbitaceae which includes the cucumber (Cucumis sativus), muskmelons (Cucumis melo, including cantaloupe and honeydew), the horned melon (Cucumis metuliferus), and the West Indian gherkin (Cucumis anguria)
Herb and spice Herbs ans spices are cooking goods that come from plants but herbs are the fresh part of the plant while spice is the dried root, dried stalk, seed or dried fruit of the plant
Herb and spice mixture Blends of different spices to create new flavors
Herb A widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicinal purposes, or for fragrances
Oilseed crop Crops are grown primarily for the oil contained in the seeds. The oil content of oilseeds ranges from about 20% for soybeans to over 40% for sunflowers and rapeseed (canola)
Other seed Seeds other than oilseeds
Spice A seed, fruit, root, bark, or other plant substance primarily used for flavoring or coloring food
Animal origin Flesh of an animal as food
Bovine A diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including domestic cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes.
Caprae The subfamily Caprinae is part of the ruminant family Bovidae, and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids. A member of this subfamily is called a caprine,[2] or, more informally, a goat-antelope.
Equine Equinae is a subfamily of the family Equidae, which have lived worldwide (except Indonesia and Australia) from the Hemingfordian stage of the Early Miocene (16 million years ago) onwards
Lagomorph Members of the taxonomic order Lagomorpha, of which there are two living families: the Leporidae (hares and rabbits) and the Ochotonidae (pikas).
Ovis Ovis is a genus of mammals, part of the Caprinae subfamily of the ruminant family Bovidae.[1] Its seven highly sociable species are known as wild sheep or simply sheep
Swine The pig (Sus domesticus), often called swine, hog, or domestic pig when distinguishing from other members of the genus Sus, is an omnivorous, domesticated even-toed hoofed mammal
Venison It refers primarily to the meat of horned ungulates such as elk or deer (or antelope in South Africa)
Poultry Domesticated birds kept by humans for their eggs, their meat or their feathers.
Nut A fruit composed of a hard shell and a seed, or a collective noun for dry and edible fruits or seeds
Peanut Arachis hypogaea is also known as the groundnut, goober (US),[ pindar (US) or monkey nut (UK), is a legume crop grown mainly for its edible seeds. Cooking oil is also produced from these seeds.
Pecan nut The seed of the plant Carya illinoinensis, with a rich, buttery flavor. They can be eaten fresh or used in cooking, particularly in sweet desserts, such as pecan pie. Butter pecan is also a common flavor in cookies, cakes, and ice creams
Pistachio Pistacia vera is a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating from Central Asia and the Middle East. The tree produces seeds that are widely consumed as food
Walnut All walnuts can be eaten on their own (raw, toasted or pickled), or as part of a mix such as muesli, or as an ingredient of a dish: e.g. walnut soup, walnut pie, walnut coffee cake, banana cake, brownie, etc.
Pulse Is a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seed of such a plant.
Bean It is the seed of one of several genera of the flowering plant family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food
Lentil Lens culinaris or Lens esculenta is an edible legume. It is an annual plant known for its lens-shaped seeds
Pea Green or yellow edible seeds of Pisum sativum. The name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), the cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and the seeds from several species of Lathyrus
Pulse The the fruit or seed of a plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae). Well-known legumes include beans, soybeans, peas, chickpeas, peanuts, lentils, mesquite, carob, tamarind, alfalfa, and clover.
Other pulse Lupins
Snack A small portion of food generally eaten between meals.
Soy Ssoybean, soy bean, or soya bean (Glycine max) is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
Soy product Edible products that are made from soy
Tea A traditional beverage made from steeping the processed leaves, buds, or twigs of the tea bush (Camellia sinensis), or other plants, in water.
Herbal tea Also known as herbal infusions and—less commonly called tisanes (UK and US) are beverages made from the infusion or decoction of herbs, spices, or other plant material in hot water
Vegetable A plant or part of a plant used as food
Brassica A genus of plants in the cabbage and mustard family (Brassicaceae)
Cabbage A generic terms that include many plants in the family Brassicaceae
Fruit vegetable Technically, a fruit is “a mature, ripened ovary, along with the contents of that ovary” (seeds, for example)
Leaf vegetable Also called leafy greens, salad greens, pot herbs, vegetable greens, or simply greens, are plant leaves eaten as a vegetable, sometimes accompanied by tender petioles and shoots
Mushroom Also called toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source for alimentary purposes
Onion-family vegetable A group of aromatic plants belonging to the genus Allium in the lily family. They are commonly referred to as “the stinking lilies” for their distinctive aromatic properties. There is a wide range of species within the genus Allium. They include: onions, leeks, garlic, chives, and shallots
Root vegetable Are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food. Botany distinguishes true roots (taproots and tuberous roots) from non-roots (such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers, although some contain both hypocotyl and taproot tissue), the term "root vegetable" is erroneously applied to all these types in agricultural and culinary usage
Shoot vegetable Examples of shoot vegetables are asparagus, hop, bamboo shoots and taugé
Stalk vegetable Edible plants whose stems are consumed like vegetables; the leaves of some varieties are also edible. Common among Americans: Celery; and Fennel
Tuber Edible enlarged structures used as storage organs for nutrients in some plants. Well known species with stem tubers include the potato and yam. Some writers also treat modified lateral roots (root tubers) under the definition; these are found in sweet potatoes, cassava, and dahlias
Vegetable product Any edible product from plants
Other vegetable Vegetable not included in the categories defines above
Route of exposure A mean by which a chemical agent comes in contact with an organism, either under intended or unintended circumstances
Enteral Chemical exposure via the alimentary canal (mouth to anus)
Parenteral Chemical exposure via the a route other than the alimentary canal